Justice Delivered: Landmark Judgments that Shaped Modern India

Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)

[{"selector":"#anim-1557e500-0276-4e9e-9d5a-b0e8c5ba6404 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(3.3646343016802973%, 0%) scale(1.5)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-82b8b9ad-aa0c-4abf-a0da-434ef48da6b3","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-f3f7bd57-3f54-4d76-b3d3-7946f727e061","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 288.02460%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-f56eb3fe-9f65-4c86-b0d4-486385648075","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-8f5a7f23-8396-4178-8140-83576372ea29","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, -748.24954%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-500da747-ed98-4f2c-86d4-bc329f348b7b","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-271a8c7d-38f8-489d-81ad-dfd70657e10d","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 546.38475%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] Established the "basic structure" doctrine, which protects the core principles of the Indian Constitution from being arbitrarily amended.

Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)

[{"selector":"#anim-985454c0-2583-481f-9cc9-45bdc8101ebc [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(-1.7734169028077105%, 0%) scale(1.5)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-1e68bd90-dac3-4b4c-b15b-9fbd04689605","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-a5f96122-22db-4f6a-8dde-070505aaedd9","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 171.69510%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-d5e2b6a4-1111-405b-a4bb-3331a48e50dd","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-1dad2ba8-68ad-4df2-8745-373c091b2fdd","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, -748.24954%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-0c36a94a-bc2a-405e-bf2a-75a800a0d553","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-08a359ca-fc48-4dd1-be97-4e85e3645093","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 547.97203%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] Recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution, impacting individual liberties and government surveillance.

Shah Bano Begum v. Mohammed Iqbal Khan (1985)

[{"selector":"#anim-f86d4cd8-f045-49fa-a3b8-3e838e5463cd [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(-8.78790806860301%, 0%) scale(1.5)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-13dcc87d-b456-4122-9ee8-904f9adf8e6b","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-91045567-15b5-4ac0-a592-de934e08d5eb","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 224.75638%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-cdbf8497-8b4d-4398-b6a4-64b89db1a474","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-4e5fa0cf-8059-4124-a76a-46621cfeb002","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, -748.24954%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-3095442d-2c5c-445f-adfc-d439e527afeb","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-b832bf7f-ade5-4fb8-91ed-c2af69bdedb5","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 389.59801%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] Upheld the right of Muslim women to maintenance from their former husbands, despite criticism from Muslim personal law advocates.

Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980)

[{"selector":"#anim-6f473864-7972-4011-b2bc-a0b4064ba473 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(-2.3815452023327346%, 0%) scale(1.5)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-369a2a28-5b8c-43cf-861b-9857be580f5a","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-5912a3b0-f312-4a1f-af39-133d757103e7","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 150.45421%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-57bc0552-6743-4604-babc-698bfc722689","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-5c85acc4-c524-4ec8-aae3-fac228d2a88d","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, -748.24954%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-5f8f33b7-f6a8-4c9d-ae83-f3ac2fa28a92","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-a6637a6b-00a4-41ff-8741-7285a7065571","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 532.09903%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] Struck down parts of the 42nd Amendment Act as violative of the Basic Structure doctrine, highlighting limitations on Parliament's power to amend the Constitution.

A.D.M. Jabalpur v. Shiv Kant Shukla (1976)

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Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2017)

[{"selector":"#anim-2aa8d5c7-2826-4a54-ad50-8f0671337313 [data-leaf-element=\"true\"]","keyframes":{"transform":["translate(-0.4780808604468447%, 0%) scale(1.5)","translate(0%, 0%) scale(1)"]},"delay":0,"duration":2000,"easing":"cubic-bezier(.3,0,.55,1)","fill":"forwards"}] [{"selector":"#anim-af0a4389-427e-4a9a-9c7e-cd963de4ba37","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-c94e8ecd-364a-4b49-97ff-aec7e41ae141","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 268.02462%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-b35211f5-f0a8-4ad1-a401-7a8435a725fc","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-65d0b5fc-69c2-479e-82aa-d53142b0ebc9","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, -748.24954%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-3eef8fdb-01fd-4d75-a308-623eacf8c8cd","keyframes":{"opacity":[0,1]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] [{"selector":"#anim-1316cc2d-d356-472a-a748-f24cdb58afc4","keyframes":{"transform":["translate3d(0px, 530.51175%, 0)","translate3d(0px, 0px, 0)"]},"delay":0,"duration":600,"easing":"cubic-bezier(0.2, 0.6, 0.0, 1)","fill":"both"}] Decriminalized consensual sexual conduct between adults of the same sex, marking a significant step towards LGBTQ+ rights.

Right to Education Act (2009)

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